Urinary System

Nephrons!

 

Random Fact: About 440 gallons of blood flow through the kidneys each and every day! 

This is your liver

 

This is what it's made out of (millions of nephrons)

 

Liver VS Kidney

Both the liver and kidney remove toxins in our body. The difference between the kidney and the liver is that they have different functions such as kidney is responsible to balance our homeostasis, also it balance our acid and base in our body, controls our blood pressure and also plasma volume of our blood, secretes hormone like dopamine that is responsible for increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

While liver produces and excretes bile (a greenish liquid) required for emulsifying fats. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder.
The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism:

* Carcinogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol)
* The breakdown of insulin and other hormones

The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism. For instance, the liver can convert lactic acid to alanine.
 

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Just in case you were confused, Copulation= intercourse

Speaking of reproduction lets take a look at the male and female reproductive systems:

What actually happens during the menstrual Cycle?

 

Hormone regulation in women

Hypothalamus

→

GnRH

→

Pituitary

→

FSH

→

Follicle

→

Estrogens

Hypothalamus

→

GnRH

→

Pituitary

→

LH

→

Corpus luteum

→

Progesterone

Order of Menstrual Events

  

1)The rising level of estrogen causes the endometrium to become thicker and more richly supplied with blood vessels and glands.

2)A rising level of LH causes the developing egg within the follicle to complete the first division, forming a secondary oocyte.

3)After about two weeks, there is a sudden surge in the production of LH.

4)This surge in LH triggers ovulation: the release of the secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube.

5)Under the continued influence of LH, the now-empty follicle develops into a corpus luteum (hence the name luteinizing hormone for LH).

6)Stimulated by LH, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone which

• • continues the preparation of the endometrium for a possible pregnancy
  • inhibits the contraction of the uterus
  • inhibits the development of a new follicle
• If fertilization does not occur (which is usually the case),
  • the rising level of progesterone inhibits the release of GnRH which, in turn,
  • inhibits further production of progesterone.
• As the progesterone level drops,
  • the corpus luteum begins to degenerate;
  • the endometrium begins to break down, its cells committing programmed cell death (apoptosis);
  • the inhibition of uterine contraction is lifted, and
  • the bleeding and cramps of menstruation begin.
  
  
  
  Male Reproductive System
  
  
  Hormone Regulation
  

  Hypothalamus

  →

  GnRH

  →

  Pituitary

  →

  LH

  →

  Testes

  →

  Testosterone

  
  

The Nervous System

the two nervous systems




action potential




3 neurons

Why do neurons have myelin sheaths?
Insulation - much like the coating on the outside of electrical wires.
Increases the speed of transmissions across the axon.
The main purpose of myelin is to cover neuron cells so that it can conduct action potential more quickly




synapse

brain regions

sympathetic vs parasympathetic


somatic automatic?
Somatic means within your control. Autonomic means things that the body does automatically.

For example, you're driving in your car texting on your cell phone. You look up and there's a truck stopped right in front of you and you're about to rear-end it. You slam on your brakes. Immediately, your heart starts pounding, you breathe faster, and you may even begin to sweat. You did not consciously tel your body to do these actions, they were autonomic. That's actually the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic speeds everything up. It's called the "Fight or Flight." The other part of the autonomic nervous system is the PARAsympathetic, which does the opposite, restores everything to a calm, called the "Rest and Digest."
Somatic is everything you intend to do- stick out your tongue, kick your leg, bend your arm, etc.

Pituitary Hormones

Hormone	Target	Effect(s)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)	Adrenal glands	Stimulates the cortex of each adrenal gland to secrete its hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)	Thyroid gland	Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)	Ovaries, testes	Stimulates the ovaries to develop mature eggs; stimulates the testes to produce sperm
Luteinizing hormone (LH)	Ovaries, testes	Stimulates the ovaries and testes to secrete sex hormones; stimulates the ovaries to release eggs

How Neurons Work

Heart learning guide questions part 1

1. Discuss the reasons for the dual nature of the design in the human circulatory
system.
The double circulatory system refers to the blood flow of two separate systems. 
 

2. Explain the role of atria in the construction and function of the heart.

• Right Atrium: Receives blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava returns de-oxygenated blood from the head, neck, arm and chest regions of the body to the right atrium. The inferior vena cava returns de-oxygenated blood from the lower body regions (legs, back, abdomen and pelvis) to the right atrium.
  
  
• Left Atrium: Receives blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary veins extend from the left atrium to the lungs and bring oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.

3. Relate the structure of the ventricles to their primary circulatory function.

• Right ventricle: Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the main pulmonary artery. The main pulmonary artery extends from the right ventricle and branches into left and right pulmonary arteries, which extend to the lungs. At that point oxygen-poor blood picks up oxygen and is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins.
  
  
• Left ventricle: Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the aorta. The aorta carries and distributes oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.

4. Identify structural & functional differences between fetal and adult hearts.

Artery	Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart	Carries Non-oxygenated blood away from the fetal heart
Veins	Carries non-oxygenated blood towards the heart	Carries oxygenated blood back to the heart
Exchange of Gases	Takes places in the lungs	Takes place in the placenta
Pressure	Increase pressure on the left side of the heart	Increase pressure on the right side of the heart

5. Describe the location and structural arrangement of the heart in the Human Body.
 The heart is a pear shaped muscle the size of a fist, located in the middle of the human circulatory system, protected by the rib cage in the thoracic cavity.

6. Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle with respect to systolic pressure &
diastolic pressure.
The phases of the cardiac cycle involve ventricular ejection (systolic pressure) and ventricular relaxation (diastolic pressure.)

Heart Learningn Guide part 2

7. Name and discuss the role of all the various valves of the Heart.
The role of heart valves is to pump blood around and out of the heart, the valves allow blood to rush through, but quickly seal again, to prevent back flow. Making sure the heart is efficiently bring blood to the rest of the body.

8. Discuss the role of electrical impulses in coordinating the cardiac cycle.

Electrical impulses are the initial heart beat, when the muscle is pumping. This pattern of electrical impulses causing cardiac muscle contractions, is the cardiac cycle.

9. Describe how the nervous system and hormonal control alters the action of the
heart as a way of adjusting to changes in the body’s demands.

The cardiac cycle is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. The divisions of the system control heart rhythm by affecting the same impulses that contract the heart, corresponding to the bodies demand. For example, aditional hormones may be released to avoid a drop in heart rate if something were to suddenly happen to the body.

10. Explain what happens when a person suffers a heart attack.

11. Describe how a sphygmomometer, used in conjunction with a stethoscope, can be
used to determine a patient’s systolic and diastolic pressures.

• Systolic blood pressure is a measure of blood pressure while the heart is beating
• Diastolic pressure is a measure of blood pressure while the heart is relaxed, between heartbeats

The cuff around a patients arm will be tightened so the heart rate can be read on the gauge. 

12. Discuss ways in which a person can reduce the risks of developing heart disease.
 A person can reduce their risks of heart disease by exercising regularly and eating a balanced plant based diet, avoiding saturated and trans fats. Reducing stress levels and having a regular sleeping patterns also contribute to heart health.

LG 12 Circulatory System questions part 2

11. Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries and veins.

12. Describe the process of exchange that takes place between blood and body cells.
 


14. Trace the path of blood as it leaves the heart heading for the lungs until it
completes a circulation of the body and returns to the same spot.

15. Identify ways in which fetal circulation is different from adults.

16. Discuss the consequences of hypertension or high blood pressure.

18. Identify the function of the lymphatic system.
A network of vessels, nodes, and organs called the lymphatic system collects the fluid that is lost by the blood returns it back to the circulatory system.

19. Compare and contrast the structure and organization of the lymphatic system and
the circulatory system.
Lymphatic system:

Circulatory system: