Urinary System

Nephrons!

 

Random Fact: About 440 gallons of blood flow through the kidneys each and every day! 

This is your liver

 

This is what it's made out of (millions of nephrons)

 

Liver VS Kidney

Both the liver and kidney remove toxins in our body. The difference between the kidney and the liver is that they have different functions such as kidney is responsible to balance our homeostasis, also it balance our acid and base in our body, controls our blood pressure and also plasma volume of our blood, secretes hormone like dopamine that is responsible for increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

While liver produces and excretes bile (a greenish liquid) required for emulsifying fats. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder.
The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism:

* Carcinogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol)
* The breakdown of insulin and other hormones

The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism. For instance, the liver can convert lactic acid to alanine.
 

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Just in case you were confused, Copulation= intercourse

Speaking of reproduction lets take a look at the male and female reproductive systems:

What actually happens during the menstrual Cycle?

 

Hormone regulation in women

Hypothalamus

→

GnRH

→

Pituitary

→

FSH

→

Follicle

→

Estrogens

Hypothalamus

→

GnRH

→

Pituitary

→

LH

→

Corpus luteum

→

Progesterone

Order of Menstrual Events

  

1)The rising level of estrogen causes the endometrium to become thicker and more richly supplied with blood vessels and glands.

2)A rising level of LH causes the developing egg within the follicle to complete the first division, forming a secondary oocyte.

3)After about two weeks, there is a sudden surge in the production of LH.

4)This surge in LH triggers ovulation: the release of the secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube.

5)Under the continued influence of LH, the now-empty follicle develops into a corpus luteum (hence the name luteinizing hormone for LH).

6)Stimulated by LH, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone which

• • continues the preparation of the endometrium for a possible pregnancy
  • inhibits the contraction of the uterus
  • inhibits the development of a new follicle
• If fertilization does not occur (which is usually the case),
  • the rising level of progesterone inhibits the release of GnRH which, in turn,
  • inhibits further production of progesterone.
• As the progesterone level drops,
  • the corpus luteum begins to degenerate;
  • the endometrium begins to break down, its cells committing programmed cell death (apoptosis);
  • the inhibition of uterine contraction is lifted, and
  • the bleeding and cramps of menstruation begin.
  
  
  
  Male Reproductive System
  
  
  Hormone Regulation
  

  Hypothalamus

  →

  GnRH

  →

  Pituitary

  →

  LH

  →

  Testes

  →

  Testosterone

  
  

The Nervous System

the two nervous systems




action potential




3 neurons

Why do neurons have myelin sheaths?
Insulation - much like the coating on the outside of electrical wires.
Increases the speed of transmissions across the axon.
The main purpose of myelin is to cover neuron cells so that it can conduct action potential more quickly




synapse

brain regions

sympathetic vs parasympathetic


somatic automatic?
Somatic means within your control. Autonomic means things that the body does automatically.

For example, you're driving in your car texting on your cell phone. You look up and there's a truck stopped right in front of you and you're about to rear-end it. You slam on your brakes. Immediately, your heart starts pounding, you breathe faster, and you may even begin to sweat. You did not consciously tel your body to do these actions, they were autonomic. That's actually the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic speeds everything up. It's called the "Fight or Flight." The other part of the autonomic nervous system is the PARAsympathetic, which does the opposite, restores everything to a calm, called the "Rest and Digest."
Somatic is everything you intend to do- stick out your tongue, kick your leg, bend your arm, etc.

Pituitary Hormones

Hormone	Target	Effect(s)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)	Adrenal glands	Stimulates the cortex of each adrenal gland to secrete its hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)	Thyroid gland	Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)	Ovaries, testes	Stimulates the ovaries to develop mature eggs; stimulates the testes to produce sperm
Luteinizing hormone (LH)	Ovaries, testes	Stimulates the ovaries and testes to secrete sex hormones; stimulates the ovaries to release eggs

How Neurons Work